man pages for montage
ImageMagick Last change: 1 May 1994
NAME
montage - creates a composite image by combining several
separate images
SYNOPSIS
montage [ options ...] file [ [ options ...] file ...]
output_file
DESCRIPTION
montage creates a composite image by combining several
separate images. The images are tiled on the composite
image with the name of the image optionally appearing just
below the individual tile.
The composite image is constructed in the following manner.
First, each image specified on the command line, except for
the last, is scaled to fit the maximum tile size. The
maximum tile size by default is 120x120. It can be modified
with the -geometry command line argument or X resource. See
OPTIONS for more information on command line arguments. See
X(1) for more information on X resources. Note that the
maximum tile size need not be a square. To respect the
aspect ratio of each image append ~ to the geometry
specification.
Next the composite image is initialized with the color
specified by the -background command line argument or X
resource. The width and height of the composite image is
determined by the title specified, the maximum tile size,
the number of tiles per row, the tile border width and
height, the image border width, and the label height. The
number of tiles per row specifies how many images are to
appear in each row of the composite image. The default is
to have 5 tiles in each row and 4 tiles in each column of
the composite. A specific value is specified with -tile.
The tile border width and height, and the image border width
defaults to the value of the X resource -borderwidth. It
can be changed with the -borderwidth or -geometry command
line argument or X resource. The label height is determined
by the font you specify with the -font command line argument
or X resource. If you do not specify a font, a font is
chosen that allows the name of the image to fit the maximum
width of a tiled area. The label colors is determined by
the -background and -foreground command line argument or X
resource. Note, that if the background and foreground
colors are the same, labels will not appear.
Initially, the composite image title is placed at the top if
one is specified (refer to -foreground X resource). Next,
each image is set onto the composite image, surrounded by
its border color, with its name centered just below it. The
individual images are left-justified within the width of the
tiled area. The order of the images is the same as they
appear on the command line unless the images have a scene
keyword. If a scene number is specified in each image, then
the images are tiled onto the composite in the order of
their scene number. Finally, the last argument on the
command line is the name assigned to the composite image.
By default, the image is written in the MIFF format and can
be viewed or printed with display(1).
Note, that if the number of tiles exceeds the default number
of 20 (5 per row, 4 per column), more than one composite
image is created. To ensure a single image is produced, use
-tile to increase the number of tiles to meet or exceed the
number of input images.
Finally, Finally, to create one or more empty spaces in the
sequence of tiles, use the NULL image format.
EXAMPLES
To create a montage of a cockatoo, a parrot, and a
hummingbird and write it to a file called birds, use:
montage cockatoo.miff parrot.miff hummingbird.miff birds.miff
To tile several bird images so that they are at most 256
pixels in width and 192 pixels in height, surrounded by a
red border, and separated by 10 pixels of background color,
use:
montage -geometry 256x192+10+10 -bordercolor red birds.* montage.miff
To create an unlabeled parrot image, 640 by 480 pixels, and
surrounded by a border of black, use:
montage -geometry 640x480 -bordercolor black -label "" parrot.miff bird.miff
To create an image of an eagle with a textured background,
use:
montage -texture bumps.jpg eagle.jpg eagle.png
To join several GIF images together without any extraneous
graphics (e.g. no label, no shadowing, no surrounding tile
frame), use:
montage +frame +shadow +label -geometry 50x50+0+0 -tile 5x1 *.gif joined.gif
OPTIONS
-adjoin
join images into a single multi-image file.
-blur x
blue the image with a gaussian operator of the given
radius and standard deviation (sigma).
-cache threshold
megabytes of memory available to the pixel cache.
Image pixels are stored in memory until 80 megabytes of
memory have been consumed. Subsequent pixel operations
are cached on disk. Operations to memory are
significantly faster but if your computer does not have
a sufficient amount of free memory you may want to
adjust this threshold value.
-colors value
preferred number of colors in the image
The actual number of colors in the image may be less
than your request, but never more. Note, this is a
color reduction option. Images with less unique colors
than specified with this option will have any duplicate
or unused colors removed. Refer to quantize(9) for
more details.
Note, options -dither, -colorspace, and -treedepth
affect the color reduction algorithm.
-colorspace value
the type of colorspace: GRAY, OHTA, RGB, Transparent,
XYZ, YCbCr, YIQ, YPbPr, YUV, or CMYK.
Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB
color space. Empirical evidence suggests that
distances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ correspond
to perceptual color differences more closely than do
distances in RGB space. These color spaces may give
better results when color reducing an image. Refer to
quantize(9) for more details.
The Transparent color space behaves uniquely in that it
preserves the matte channel of the image if it exists.
The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this
option to take effect.
-comment string
annotate an image with a comment.
By default, each image is commented with its file name.
Use this option to assign a specific comment to the
image. Optionally you can include the image filename,
type, width, height, or other image attributes by
embedding special format characters:
%b file size
%d directory
%e filename extention
%f filename
%h height
%i input filename
%l label
%m magick
%n number of scenes
%o output filename
%p page number
%q quantum depth
%s scene number
%t top of filename
%u unique temporary filename
%w width
%x x resolution
%y y resolution
\n newline
\r carriage return
For example,
-comment "%m:%f %wx%h"
produces an image comment of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for
an image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and
height is 480.
If the first character of string is @, the image
comment is read from a file titled by the remaining
characters in the string.
-compose operator
the type of image composition.
By default, each of the composite image pixels are
replaced by the corresponding image tile pixel. You can
choose an alternate composite operation:
Over
In
Out
Atop
Xor
Plus
Minus
Add
Subtract
Difference
Bumpmap
Replace
ReplaceRed
ReplaceGreen
ReplaceBlue
ReplaceMatte
The operations behaves as follows:
Over The result will be the union of the two image shapes,
with composite image obscuring image in the region of
overlap.
In The result is simply composite image cut by the shape
of composite image window. None of the image data of
image will be in the result.
Out The resulting image is composite image with the shape
of image cut out.
Atop The result is the same shape as image image, with
composite image obscuring image where the image shapes
overlap. Note this differs from over because the
portion of composite image outside image's shape does
not appear in the result.
Xor The result is the image data from both composite image
and image that is outside the overlap region. The
overlap region will be blank.
Plus The result is just the sum of the image data. Output
values are cropped to 255 (no overflow). This
operation is independent of the matte channels.
Minus
The result of composite image - image, with underflow
cropped to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to
255, full coverage).
Add The result of composite image + image, with overflow
wrapping around (mod 256).
Subtract
The result of composite image - image, with underflow
wrapping around (mod 256). The add and subtract
operators can be used to perform reversible
transformations.
Difference
The result of abs(composite image - image). This is
useful for comparing two very similar images.
Bumpmap
The result of image shaded by composite image.
Replace
The resulting image is image replaced with composite
image. Here the matte information is ignored.
ReplaceRed
The resulting image is the red layer in image replaced
with the red layer in composite image. The other
layers are copied untouched.
ReplaceGreen
The resulting image is the green layer in image
replaced with the green layer in composite image. The
other layers are copied untouched.
ReplaceBlue
The resulting image is the blue layer in image replaced
with the blue layer in composite image. The other
layers are copied untouched.
ReplaceMatte
The resulting image is the matte layer in image
replaced with the matte layer in composite image. The
other layers are copied untouched.
The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel
in the image for some operations. This extra channel
usually defines a mask which represents a sort of a
cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case when
matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the
shape, zero outside, and between zero and 255 on the
boundary. If image does not have a matte channel, it
is initialized with 0 for any pixel matching in color
to pixel location (0,0), otherwise 255 (to work
properly borderwidth must be 0).
-compress type
the type of image compression: None, BZip, Fax, Group4,
JPEG, LZW, RunlengthEncoded, or Zip.
Specify +compress to store the binary image in an
uncompressed format. The default is the compression
type of the specified image file.
-crop x{+-}{+-}{%}
preferred size and location of the cropped image. See
X(1) for details about the geometry specification.
To specify a percentage width or height instead, append
%. For example to crop the image by ten percent on all
sides of the image, use -crop 10%.
Omit the x and y offset to generate one or more
subimages of a uniform size.
Use cropping to crop a particular area of an image.
Use -crop 0x0 to trim edges that are the background
color. Add an x and y offset to leave a portion of the
trimmed edges with the image. The equivalent X
resource for this option is cropGeometry (class
CropGeometry). See X RESOURCES for details.
-density x
vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the
image.
This option specifies an image density when decoding a
Postscript or Portable Document page. The default is
72 pixels per inch in the horizontal and vertical
direction. This option is used in concert with -page.
-display host:display[.screen]
specifies the X server to contact; see X(1).
Specify +display if an X server is not available. The
label font is obtained from the X server. If none is
available, the composite image will not have labels.
Since the X server is necessary to read X resources,
all options must be set via the command line when
+display is specified.
-dispose method
GIF disposal method.
Here are the valid methods:
0 No disposal specified.
1 Do not dispose between frames.
2 Overwrite frame with background color from header.
3 Overwrite with previous frame.
-dither
apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image.
The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity
resolution for spatial resolution by averaging the
intensities of several neighboring pixels. Images
which suffer from severe contouring when reducing
colors can be improved with this option.
The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this
option to take effect.
Use +dither to render Postscript without text or
graphic aliasing.
-draw string
annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives.
Use this option to annotate an image with one or more
graphic primitives. The primitives include
rectangle
circle
ellipse
polygon
color
matte
text
image
Rectangle, color, matte, text, and image require an
upper left and lower right coordinate. Circle requires
the center coordinate and a coordinate on the outer
edge. Use Ellipse to draw a partial ellipse centered
at the given point, specified width and height, and
start and end of arc in degrees (e.g. 100,100 100,150
0,360). Finally, polygon requires three or more
coordinates defining its boundaries. Coordinates are
integers separated by an optional comma. For example,
to define a circle centered at 100,100 that extends to
150,150 use:
-draw 'circle 100,100 150,150'
Use color to change the color of a pixel. Follow the
pixel coordinate with a method:
point
replace
floodfill
filltoborder
reset
Consider the target pixel as that specified by your
coordinate. The point method recolors the target
pixel. The replace method recolors any pixel that
matches the color of the target pixel. Floodfill
recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target
pixel and is a neighbor. Whereas filltoborder recolors
any neighbor pixel that is not the border color.
Finally, reset recolors all pixels.
Use matte to the change the pixel matte value to
transparent. Follow the pixel coordinate with a method
(see the color primitive for a description of methods).
The point method changes the matte value of the target
pixel. The replace method changes the matte value of
any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel.
Floodfill changes the matte value of any pixel that
matches the color of the target pixel and is a
neighbor. Whereas filltoborder changes the matte value
of any neighbor pixel that is not the border color.
Finally reset changes the matte value of all pixels.
Use text to annotate an image with text. Follow the
text coordinates with a string. If the string has
embedded spaces, enclose it in double quotes.
Optionally you can include the image filename, type,
width, height, or other image attributes by embedding
special format characters. See -comment for details.
For example,
-draw 'text 100,100 "%m:%f %wx%h"'
annotates the image with MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an
image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and
height is 480. To generate a Unicode character
(TrueType fonts only), embed the code as an escaped hex
string (e.g. \0x30a3).
If the first character of the string is @, the text is
read from a file titled by the remaining characters in
the string.
Use image to composite an image with another image.
Follow the image coordinates with the image size and
filename:
-draw 'image 100,100 225,225 image.jpg'
If the first character of string is @, the text is read
from a file titled by the remaining characters in the
string.
You can set the primitive color, font color, and font
bounding box color with -pen, -font, and -box
respectively. Options are processed in command line
order so be sure to use -pen before the -draw option.
-filter type
use this type of filter when resizing an image.
Use this option to affect the resizing operation of an
image (see -geometry). Choose from these filters:
Point
Box
Triangle
Hermite
Hanning
Hamming
Blackman
Gaussian
Quadratic
Cubic
Catrom
Mitchell
Lanczos
Bessel
Sinc
The default filter is Lanczos.
-frame
surround the image with an ornamental border.
The color of the border is specified with the
-mattecolor command line option. If no frame is
desired, use +frame.
-font name
use this font when annotating the image with text.
If the font is a fully qualified X server font name,
the font is obtained from an X server (e.g. -*-
helvetica-medium-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*). To use
a TrueType font, precede the TrueType filename with a @
(e.g. @times.ttf). Otherwise, specify a Postscript
font (e.g. helvetica).
-gamma value
level of gamma correction.
The same color image displayed on two different
workstations may look different due to differences in
the display monitor. Use gamma correction to adjust
for this color difference. Reasonable values extend
from 0.8 to 2.3.
You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green,
and blue channels of the image with a gamma value list
delineated with slashes (i.e. 1.7/2.3/1.2).
Use +gamma to set the image gamma level without
actually adjusting the image pixels. This option is
useful if the image is of a known gamma but not set as
an image attribute (e.g. PNG images).
offset>{%}{!}{<}{>}
-geometry x{+-}{+-} to change the dimensions of the image only if its
size exceeds the geometry specification. < resizes the
image only if its dimensions is less than the geometry
specification. For example, if you specify 640x480>
and the image size is 512x512, the image size does not
change. However, if the image is 1024x1024, it is
resized to 640x480.
Each image is surrounded by a border whose size in
pixels is specified as and and whose color is the background color. By
default, the tile size is 256x256 and there is no
border.
The equivalent X resource for this option is
imageGeometry (class ImageGeometry). See X RESOURCES
for details.
-gravity direction
direction image gravitates to within a tile. See X(1)
for details about the gravity specification.
A tile of the composite image is a fixed width and
height. However, the image within the tile may not
fill it completely (see -geometry). The direction you
choose specifies where to position the image within the
tile. For example Center gravity forces the image to
be centered within the tile. By default, the image
gravity is Center.
-interlace type
the type of interlacing scheme: None, Line, Plane, or
Partition. The default is None.
This option is used to specify the type of interlacing
scheme for raw image formats such as RGB or YUV. No
means do not interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...), Line
uses scanline interlacing
(RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and Plane uses
plane interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...).
Partition is like plane except the different planes are
saved to individual files (e.g. image.R, image.G, and
image.B).
Use Line, or Plane to create an interlaced GIF or
progressive JPEG image.
-label name
assign a label to an image.
By default, each image is labeled with its file name.
Use this option to assign a specific label to the
image. Optionally you can include the image filename,
type, width, height, or other image attributes by
embedding special format characters. See -comment for
details.
For example,
-label "%m:%f %wx%h"
produces an image label of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for
an image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and
height is 480.
If the first character of string is @, the image label
is read from a file titled by the remaining characters
in the string.
-matte
store matte channel if the image has one otherwise
create an opaque one.
-mode type
the type of montage: Frame, Unframe, Concatentate. The
default is Unframe.
This option is for convenience. You can obtain the
desired result by setting individual options (e.g.
Unframe is equivalent to +frame +shadow +borderwidth).
-monochrome
transform the image to black and white.
-page x{+-}{+-
}{%}{!}{<}{>}
preferred size and location of an image canvas.
Use this option to specify the dimensions of the
Postscript page in dots per inch or a TEXT page in
pixels. The choices for a Postscript page are:
11x17 792 1224
Ledger 1224 792
Legal 612 1008
Letter 612 792
LetterSmall 612 792
ArchE 2592 3456
ArchD 1728 2592
ArchC 1296 1728
ArchB 864 1296
ArchA 648 864
A0 2380 3368
A1 1684 2380
A2 1190 1684
A3 842 1190
A4 595 842
A4Small 595 842
A5 421 595
A6 297 421
A7 210 297
A8 148 210
A9 105 148
A10 74 105
B0 2836 4008
B1 2004 2836
B2 1418 2004
B3 1002 1418
B4 709 1002
B5 501 709
C0 2600 3677
C1 1837 2600
C2 1298 1837
C3 918 1298
C4 649 918
C5 459 649
C6 323 459
Flsa 612 936
Flse 612 936
HalfLetter 396 612
For convenience you can specify the page size by media
(e.g. A4, Ledger, etc.). Otherwise, -page behaves
much like -geometry (e.g. -page letter+43+43>).
To position a GIF image, use -page {+-}{+-} (e.g. -page +100+200).
For a Postscript page, the image is sized as in
-geometry and positioned relative to the lower left
hand corner of the page by {+-}{+-}. Use -page 612x792>, for example, to center
the image within the page. If the image size exceeds
the Postscript page, it is reduced to fit the page.
The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is
612x792.
This option is used in concert with -density.
-pen color
set the color of the font.
See X(1) for details about the color specification.
-pointsize value
pointsize of the Postscript font.
-quality value
JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level.
For the JPEG image format, quality is 0 (worst) to 100
(best). The default quality is 75.
Quality for the MIFF and PNG image format sets the
amount of image compression (quality / 10) and filter-
type (quality % 10). Compression quality values range
from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). If filter-type is 4 or
less, the specified filter-type is used for all
scanlines:
0: none
1: sub
2: up
3: average
4: Paeth
If filter-type is 5, adaptive filtering is used when
quality is greater than 50 and the image does not have
a color map, otherwise no filtering is used.
If filter-type is 6 or more, adaptive filtering with
minimum-sum-of-absolute-values is used.
The default is quality is 75. Which means nearly the
best compression with adaptive filtering.
For further information, see the PNG specification (RFC
2083), .
-rotate degrees{<}{>}
apply Paeth image rotation to the image.
Use > to rotate the image only if its width exceeds the
height. < rotates the image only if its width is less
than the height. For example, if you specify -90> and
the image size is 480x640, the image is not rotated by
the specified angle. However, if the image is 640x480,
it is rotated by -90 degrees.
Empty triangles left over from rotating the image are
filled with the color defined as bordercolor (class
borderColor).
-scene value
image scene number.
-shadow
add a shadow beneath a tile to simulate depth.
-sharpen x
sharpen the image with a gaussian operator of the given
radius and standard deviation (sigma).
-size x{+offset}
width and height of the image.
Use this option to specify the width and height of raw
images whose dimensions are unknown such as GRAY, RGB,
or CMYK. In addition to width and height, use -size to
skip any header information in the image or tell the
number of colors in a MAP image file, (e.g. -size
640x512+256).
-texture filename
name of texture to tile onto the image background.
-tile x
specifies how many tiles are to appear in each row and
column of the composite image.
Specify the number of tiles per row with width and
tiles per column with height. For example if you want
1 tile in each row and a maximum of 10 tiles in the
composite image, use -tile 1x10. The default is to
have 5 tiles in each row and 4 tiles in each column of
the composite.
-transparency color
make this color transparent within the image.
-treedepth value
Normally, this integer value is zero or one. A zero or
one tells montage to choose a optimal tree depth for
the color reduction algorithm.
An optimal depth generally allows the best
representation of the source image with the fastest
computational speed and the least amount of memory.
However, the default depth is inappropriate for some
images. To assure the best representation, try values
between 2 and 8 for this parameter. Refer to
quantize(9) for more details.
The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this
option to take effect.
-verbose
print detailed information about the image.
This information is printed: image scene number; image
name; image size; the image class (DirectClass or
PseudoClass); the total number of unique colors; and
the number of seconds to read and write the image.
In addition to those listed above, you can specify these
standard X resources as command line options: -background,
-bordercolor, -borderwidth, -font, -foreground, -mattecolor,
or -title. See X RESOURCES for details.
Options are processed in command line order. Any option you
specify on the command line remains in effect until it is
explicitly changed by specifying the option again with a
different effect. For example, to montage two images, the
first with 32 colors and the second with only 16 colors,
use:
montage -colors 32 cockatoo.1 -colors 16 cockatoo.2
cockatoo.miff
By default, the image format is determined by its magic
number. To specify a particular image format, precede the
filename with an image format name and a colon (i.e.
ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix
(i.e. image.ps). See convert(1) for a list of valid image
formats.
When you specify X as your image type, the filename has
special meaning. It specifies an X window by id, name, or
root. If no filename is specified, the window is selected
by clicking the mouse in the desired window.
Specify input_file as - for standard input, output_file as -
for standard output. If input_file has the extension .Z or
.gz, the file is uncompressed with uncompress or gunzip
respectively. If output_file has the extension .Z or .gz,
the file size is compressed using with compress or gzip
respectively. Finally, precede the image file name with |
to pipe to or from a system command.
Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after a file name
to specify a desired subimage of a multi-resolution image
format like Photo CD (e.g. img0001.pcd[4]) or a range for
MPEG images (e.g. video.mpg[50-75]). A subimage
specification can be disjoint (e.g. image.tiff[2,7,4]). For
raw images, specify a subimage with a geometry (e.g. -size
640x512 image.rgb[320x256+50+50]).
Single images are written with the filename you specify.
However, multi-part images (e.g. a multi-page Postscript
document with +adjoin specified) are written with the
filename followed by a period (.) and the scene number. You
can change this behavior by embedding a printf format
specification in the file name. For example,
image%02d.miff
montages files image00.miff, image01.miff, etc.
Prepend an at sign (@) to a filename to read a list of image
filenames from that file. This is convenient in the event
you have too many image filenames to fit on the command
line.
Note, a composite MIFF image displayed to an X server with
display behaves differently than other images. You can
think of the composite as a visual image directory. Choose
a particular tile of the composite and press a button to
display it. See display(1) and miff(5) for details.
X RESOURCES
montage options can appear on the command line or in your X
resource file. Options on the command line supersede values
specified in your X resource file. See X(1) for more
information on X resources.
All montage options have a corresponding X resource. In
addition, montage uses the following X resources:
background (class Background)
Specifies the preferred color to use for the composite
image background. The default is #ccc.
borderColor (class BorderColor)
Specifies the preferred color to use for the composite
image border. The default is #ccc.
borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
Specifies the width in pixels of the composite image
border. The default is 2.
font (class Font)
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use when
displaying text within the composite image. The
default is 9x15, fixed, or 5x8 determined by the
composite image size.
foreground (class Foreground)
Specifies the preferred color to use for text within
the composite image. The default is black.
matteColor (class MatteColor)
Specify the color of an image frame. A 3D effect is
achieved by using highlight and shadow colors derived
from this color. The default value is #ccc.
title (class Title)
This resource specifies the title to be placed at the
top of the composite image. The default is not to
place a title at the top of the composite image.
ENVIRONMENT
display
To get the default host, display number, and screen.
SEE ALSO
display(1), animate(1), import(1), mogrify(1), convert(1),
combine(1), xtp(1)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The MIT X Consortium for making network transparent graphics
a reality.
Michael Halle, Spatial Imaging Group at MIT, for the initial
implementation of Alan Paeth's image rotation algorithm.
David Pensak, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, for
providing a computing environment that made this program
possible.
Paul Raveling, USC Information Sciences Institute, for the
original idea of using space subdivision for the color
reduction algorithm.
AUTHORS
John Cristy, ImageMagick Studio